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Alarm  Telegraph  Co. 

No7O  EAST  -15  T1  STREET,  NEWYORK 


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COPYRIGHT  1916,  THE  GAMEWELL  FIRE  ALARM  TELEGRAPH  CO.,  NEW  YORK 


EM  REGENCY      SIGNALING 


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those  who  have  devoted  the  best 
years  of  their  lives,  and  who  have 
given  unsparingly  of  their  hearts 
and  brains  and  hands  towards  the 
development  and  perfection  of  the 

Art  of  Fire  Alarm  and  Emergency  Signaling, 

this  volume  is  dedicated. 

Many  of  them  have  "crossed  the  Great 
Divide";  but  the  work  of  all  remains  to  render 
constant  service  in  the  protection  of  life  and 
property.  Theirs  was  and  is  the  spirit  of  the 
pioneer;  the  paths  they  blazed  are  open  to  all 
mankind.  When  new  conditions  require  to 
be  met,  new  pathways  will  be  found;  and  the 
Engineer  of  the  future  will  take  his  inspiration 
from  the  spirit  of  those  who  did  their  work  in 
the  early  days,  without  precedent  to  guide 
them,  but  with  abiding  faith. 


3434*5 


plinilllllllinilllllllllllllllllllfflllllllUiniM 


JOHN   N.   GAMEWELL 

BORN  AT  CAMDEN,  S.  C.,   l822 
DIED  AT  HACKENSACK,  N.  J.,  JULY   IQTH,    1896. 

He  was  the  founder  of  the  Gamewell  Fire  Alarm  Telegraph 
Company.  In  1855  he  saw  the  Channing  and  Farmer  fire  alarm 
system,  recognized  its  value,  and  devoted  his  entire  business  life 
to  its  introduction  and  improvement.  He  will  always  be 
considered  as  the  Father  of  the  Fire  Alarm  Telegraph. 


MR.  JAMES  M.  GARDINER 

BORN  IN  SCOTLAND,   1819 
DIED  IN   NEW  YORK  CITY,   FEB.   25, 


In  his  early  days  was  a  clock  maker.  He  became  associated 
with  John  N.  Gamewell  in  1856  and  remained  with  the  Game- 
well  Fire  Alarm  Telegraph  Company  until  his  death  at  the  ripe 
old  age  of  95.  He  invented  the  well  known  Gardiner  Fire  Alarm 
Box  and  his  other  inventions  were  of  great  value  in  the  devel- 
opment of  Fire  Alarm  Telegraphy. 


The  First  Factory  of 
She  Gamewell  Co. 

1869  1885 


siiimiiiiniiiiiiiiminmiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiinimiHiniimiiiimMiiiimiiiiiiin 


CHAPTER  I. 

Introductory 

E  HISTORY  of  the  Art  of  Fire  Alarm  and 
Emergency  Signaling  covers  a  period  of 
approximately  sixty-five  years.  As  re- 
cently as  1850, — a  period  well  within  the 
memory  of  many  men  still  in  active  life, 
electric  firealarm  systems  were  unknown. 

Today,  the  Fire  Alarm  Telegraph  System  is  known 
in  many  hundreds  of  communities  in  the  United  States, 
and  the  Police  Telegraph  and  Telephone  System  in 
many  of  the  important  cities. 

The  public  fire-alarm  system  has  formed  the  founda- 
tion on  which  has  been  built  up  all  over  the  country, 
a  large  and  rapidly  extending  signal  service,  by  means 
of  which  alarms  of  fire  are  transmitted  directly  from  the 
interiors  of  buildings,  both  by  manual  and  automatic 
operation.  Tens  of  thousands  of  important  properties 
are  so  protected,  and  human  life  and  business  activity 
safeguarded  against  loss.  The  public  Police  Telegraph 
and  Telephone  System  has  also  been  extended,  so  that 
in  emergencies  requiring  its  use,  its  great  value  may 
be  more  quickly  utilized. 

While  these  Emergency  Signaling  Systems  have 
come  to  be  regarded  as  essential  to  the  safety  of  life 
and  property  in  cities  and  towns,  they  are  in  physical 
evidence  to  the  average  citizen,  only  in  the  signal  box 
on  the  street  corner,  or  within  a  building.  The  familiar 
red  or  blue  box  is  to  him  but  a  means  to  an  end.  He 
does  not  realize  the  ceaseless  toil,  the  patient  study, 
the  bitter  disappointment  and  the  final  brilliant  suc- 
cess of  those  old  pioneers  who  dreamed  and  planned 


and  worked, — who  builded  and  destroyed  and  builded 
again, — in  order  that  the  benefits  of  modern  protective 
systems  might  be  his. 

New  York  City  was  the  first  community  to  attempt 
to  give  information  by  bell  or  otherwise,  as  to  the  lo- 
cation of  fires.  In  1845  the  City  was  divided  into 
districts.  A  watch-tower  and  bell  was  provided  in 
each  district,  and  a  watchman  was  on  duty  in  each 
tower  at  all  times.  Each  district  was  numbered,  so 
that  when  these  numbers  were  sounded  on  the  tower 
bells,  the  members  of  the  volunteer  fire  companies,— 
and  the  general  public  as  well, — were  informed  as  to 
the  section  of  the  City  in  which  the  fire  was. 

The  sounding  of  an  alarm  of  fire  in  those  days,  was 
a  slow  and  tedious  process.  If  a  watchman,  high  up 
in  his  tower,  discovered  a  fire  in  his  district,  he  would 
sound  its  number  on  his  bell  by  hand.  This  signal 
would  be  heard  by  the  watchman  on  the  next  tower, 
and  repeated  by  him;  and  in  this  manner,  the  alarm 
was  gradually  announced  to  the  entire  city. 

If  fire  was  discovered  within  a  building  where  it 
could  not  be  seen  by  the  watchmen,  its  existence  was 

announced  by  the 
occupants  of  the 
building  shouting 
from  windows, or  run- 
ning into  the  streets 
and  crying  "Fire!" 
until  the  attention  of 
the  watchman  in  that 
district  was  secured. 

As  the  alarm  sound- 
ed, the  red-shirted 
volunteers  would 


It  became  necessary  to  have  larger  quarters  and  the  Game- 
well    Company   moved  into  this   plant.      1885    to   1904. 


TMK  Lw&tst  PLM 


14 


THE.  GAMLWELL  FiRt  ALARM  TELEGRAPH  COMPANY 

NEWTON   UPFE.R    FALLS.  MASS 

IK  Trie  W'jqtP  EMCJiOCD  CXCLUStvCir  it  THE  MANVFAClvftC  ur  Fi»i  6  PoUCl 


In  1914  the  large  fire  proof  addition  was  added  making 
the  plant  the  largest  in  the  world  engaged  exclusively 
in  the  manufacture  of  emergency  signaling  apparatus. 

rush  to  the  fire  houses  and  proceed  to  drag  their  clumsy 
hand-pumping  apparatus  to  the  scene,  shouting  and 
encouraging  each  other  to  the  last  ounce  of  effort  to 
reach  the  fire  as  quickly  as  possible. 

The  progress  which  has  been  made  in  a  period  of  less 
than  the  allotted  lifetime  of  "three  score  years  and  ten," 
in  the  Arts  of  Fire  Alarm  Signaling  and  Fire  Extin- 
guishing,— each  of  which  has  kept  pace  with  the  other 
—is  truly  remarkable. 

One  now  rushes  to  a  box  on  the  corner, — or  pulls  the 
lever  of  an  interior  fire  alarm  box,- — and  in  a  few  brief 
seconds  high-powered  motor  apparatus  is  racing  through 
the  streets  to  a  certain  specific  street  corner  or  building; 
and  in  a  few  minutes  more,  powerful  streams  of  water 
are  being  directed  against  the  fire,  through  water- 
towers,  cellar  pipes  and  numerous  lines  of  hose. 


Iin 


It  is  therefore  fitting  that  this  book  should  be 
published  as  a  tribute  to  those  who  have  given  the 
Emergency  Signaling  Systems  to  humanity,  and  thus 
made  possible  the  high  development  of  the  modern 
Fire  Department;  and  that  everyone  may  have  the 
opportunity  of  appreciating  all  of  the  human  activity 
which  has  been  expended  in  bridging  the  gap  between 
the  watch-tower  of  1845  and  the  Fire  Alarm  Telegraph 
System  of  to-day. 

CHAPTER  II. 

The  Birth  of  the  Art 

While  Charles  Robinson  of  New  York  was  the  first 
to  use  the  Morse  telegraph  for  signaling  the  existence 
of  fires,  his  application  of  the  principle  was  confined 
wholly  to  telegraphing  between  police  stations  and 
engine  houses  in  New  York  City,  and  the  watchmen 
in  the  eight  fire  districts  in  which  the  city  was  divided. 
This  was  in  1850;  but  several  years  earlier, — in  1845,— 
Dr.  W.  F.  Channing  of  Boston,  who  had  read  of  the 
early  experiments  of  Professor  Morse,  published  an 
article  in  the  Boston  Advertiser  describing  his  method 
of  applying  the  electric  telegraph  to  the  transmission 
of  alarms  of  fire  from  distinctively  numbered  street 
stations,  and  of  striking  these  signals  on  the  tower 
bells  by  means  of  mechanical  devices.  Thus  the  Art 
of  Fire  Alarm  Telegraphy  was  born;  and  in  1851  the 
City  of  Boston  became  interested  in  Dr.  Channing's 
plan,  and  appropriated  the  sum  of  $10,000  for  experi- 
mental use  in  connection  with  it. 

It  was  proposed  to  establish  a  system  of  numerous 
boxes  on  the  streets,  connected  with  a  central  station 
by  wire;  and  to  run  other  circuits  from  this  central 


station  to  the  various  bell  towers.  When  a  signal  box 
on  the  street  was  operated,  its  number  would  be 
"telegraphed"  to  the  central  station,  and  transmitted 
from  there  by  operators  to  the  watch-towers,  where  the 
signal  would  be  simultaneously  struck  on  all  the  bells. 


In  working  out  his  plan,  Dr.  Channing  associated 
himself  with  Moses  G.  Farmer  who  was  regarded  as  the 
most  expert  electrical  mechanic  of  the  day.  The 
electrical  and  mechanical  details  were  worked  out  to 
the  best  of  their  ability,  and  in  1852  the  first  alarm  of 
fire  was  electrically  transmitted  to  and  from  the  central 
office  in  Boston,  and  sounded  on  the  nineteen  tower 
bells  scattered  throughout  the  city. 

Not  only  did  Channing  and  Farmer  have  to  contend 
with  the  difficulty, — almost  impossibility, — of  securing 
mechanics  skilled  in  electrical  apparatus,  and  with 
the  operating  defects  consequent  upon  exceedingly 
crude  and  clumsy  apparatus,  but  with  the  bitter 
hostility  of  the  members  of  the  volunteer  fire  depart- 
ment who  were  opposed  to  the  improvement,  and  to 
whom  many  interferences  with  the  wires  and  apparatus 
were  chargeable.  The  system  would  have  been 
abandoned,  but  for  their  wonderful  faith,  persistence 
and  personal  devotion. 

In  1855,  John  N.  Gamewell  of  South  Carolina,  heard 
Dr.  Channing  deliver  a  lecture  on  the  Fire  Alarm  Tele- 
graph in  Smithsonian  Institute  in  Washington.  With 
a  clearness  of  vision  which  \vas  one  of  his  most  striking 
characteristics,  he  saw  the  possibilities  inherent  in  the 
first  experiment  in  Boston,  and  soon  purchased  from 
Channing  and  Farmer  the  rights  to  their  inventions 
in  the  Southern  States;  in  1859  he  purchased  their 
patents  for  the  rest  of  the  country. 


From  1861  to  1865  during  the  Civil  War  period,  but 
little  was  done  in  the  way  of  improving  and  extending 
the  use  of  the  Fire  Alarm  Telegraph;  but  shortly  after 
the  war,  Mr.  Gamewell  actively  pushed  the  business 
through  John  N.  Gamewell  &  Company  and  after- 
wards through  a  corporation  which  a  few  years  later 
became  the  Gamewell  Fire  Alarm  Telegraph  Company. 

From  that  time  up  to  the  present,  the  use  of  the 
Fire  Alarm  Telegraph  has  been  steadily  increasing, 
and  manufacturing  facilities  have  necessarily  kept  pace 
with  this  progress,  as  will  be  seen  from  the  cut  of  the 
first  "Gamewell"  factory  and  of  the  present  one. 

There  is  no  greater  contrast  between  the  first  loco- 
motive and  train  which  ran  for  a  few  miles  through 
the  Mohawk  Valley  in  New  York  in  1839,  and  the 
modern  express  train  with  its  steel  palace  cars  and 
complete  equipment,  than  between  the  original  fire 
alarm  system  in  the  City  of  Boston  and  that  in  use 
today. 

CHAPTER  III. 

The  Fire  Alarm  Signal  Box 

The  various  stages  of  development  through  which 
the  fire  alarm  box  has  passed  since  1851,  are  of  extreme 
interest.  They  have  all  been  the  result  of  service  ex- 
perience; their  defects  could  hardly  be  foreseen,  and 
had  to  be  remedied  as  rapidly  as  they  developed. 

The  original  Boston  box  contained  practically  noth- 
ing but  a  telegraph  key,  opened  and  closed  by  the 
manual  rotation  of  a  notched  wheel  fastened  directly 
to  a  shaft  having  a  handle.  The  instructions  for  send- 
ing an  alarm  of  fire,  were  "Turn  the  crank  six  times 


giiiiiiiiiinii iiiiiuiiiiuiiiiiiiiiiniiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiuiiuiiiiuiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiniiiiiiiiiiniiiiiii iiiiiiiiiimiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii™ 


FIRST  FIRE  ALARM  BOXES  KNOWN. 

This  and  the  illustration  on  the  following  page  are  taken  of  one  of  the 
first  fire  alarm  boxes  ever  used.  They  date  back  to  about  1855,  when 
Channing  and  Farmer  first  introduced  a  fire  alarm  system  in  Boston. 
The  method  was  to  turn  the  handle  six  times,  but  it  soon  proved 
itself  to  be  unpractical  and  the  system  was  considered  a  failure. 


gliiiuiim'niiHiNnliitliiimittiiiitiiiiiiitiiriiiiiiiitiiiiiliirnitiiliiiiTiitiNiliiiiiirNil niiiiiiiiiiiiiin iiiiiiiiiiiiiiniuiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiii iiiiiiiniiiiiiimiimiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii I iiiiiiiuiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiuiiinini iiiiinmiig 


ai!lllll]l!llllll[l!ll[l!]llll!lllll!llllll!lillll!lllllll!l[!lllll!i;!lllllllllll!ll[lilll[llllllllllllill[i!m^ 


slowly."  It  was  soon  found  that  persons  would  turn 
this  crank  so  rapidly  that  the  operators  at  the  central 
office  could  not  distinguish  the  signal.  The  instruc- 
tions were  then  changed  to  "Turn  the  crank  twenty- 
six  times  slowly,"  but  with  little  better  results. 

The  advent  of  the  automatic  box, — one  in  which  the 
notched  signal  wheel  was  rotated  by  clock-work 
mechanism  at  a  uniform  rate  of  speed,- — was  gladly 
hailed  by  those  who  were  struggling  with  the  uncertain 
means  of  transmitting  signals;  but  this  box,  also,  when 
subjected  to  the  test  of  actual  service,  was  found  to 
contain  features  of  unreliability,  in  that  a  manipulation 
of  the  starting  lever  after  the  mechanism  had  been 
set  in  motion,  would  break  up  the  signal. 

In  1867  Charles  T.  Chester  of  New  York  patented  a 
device  intended  to  prevent  this  trouble,  but  it  was  only 
partially  successful;  and  it  was  not  until  1869  that  the 
difficulty  was  overcome  through  the  patent  of  Crane 
and  Rogers  taken  out  in  that  year,  and  covering  what 
was  known  as  the  "non-interference  pull." 

As  further  experience  under  service  conditions  was 
encountered,  the  fact  was  developed  that  if  two  boxes 
on  the  same  circuit  were  operated  at  or  about  the  same 
time,  an  interference  of  signals  would  result.  Much 
time  and  thought  was  expended  on  the  problem  of 
devising  means  for  preventing  this,  and  in  1871  Mr. 
Gamewell  patented  a  method  for  interlacing  circuits 
in  such  a  manner  that  adjoining  boxes  were  carried  on 
different  circuits,  so  that  should  two  such  boxes  be 
operated  at  or  about  the  same  time,  no  confusion  would 
result.  This  was  regarded  as  a  step  forward  in  the 
art,  but  not  by  any  means  as  solving  the  problem,  as 
two  boxes  operated  together  would  still  interfere,  if 
on  the  same  circuit. 


pllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllim 


It  was  also  found  that  the  practice  of  interlacing 
circuits  increased  greatly  the  mileage  of  wire  in  a  sys- 
tem, and  brought  numerous  troubles  in  its  train  which 
contained  serious  possibilities  of  losing  alarms  in  one 
direction,  while  intended  to  preserve  them  in  another. 

For  nearly  nine  years  more  experiments  were  being 
constantly  made  and  as  constantly  abandoned,  in 
attempting  to  devise  means  for  preventing  an  inter- 
ference between  boxes  in  a  manner  which  would  be 
reliable,  and  which  would  not  introduce  circuit  com- 
plications. In  1880  a  great  forward  impetus  was  given 
to  the  Art,  when  James  M.  Gardiner  patented  a  fire- 
alarm  box  mechanism  containing  within  itself  devices 
which  safely  accomplished  the  results  which  had  been 
so  earnestly  sought.  The  "Gardiner"  box  as  it  has 
always  been  called  since  its  invention,  solved  the  prob- 
lem, came  into  wide-spread  use,  and  established  a  solid 
reputation  for  reliable  service. 

As  fire  alarm  boxes  came  into  more  general  use,  and 
as  areas  to  be  protected  largely  increased,  it  was  appre- 
ciated that  the  "Gardiner"  box,  with  its  practical  and 
reliable  non-interfering  features,  did  not  meet  certain 
conditions  which  were  being  developed  by  service,  and 
which  had  hitherto  been  unknown. 

Several  instances  were  noted  where  two  different 
boxes  on  the  same  circuit  were  pulled  simultaneously,— 
or  nearly  so,- — for  two  different  fires.  The  features  of 
the  "Gardiner"  box  prevented  one  box  from  interfering 
with  another,  but  they  did  not  permit  both  alarms 
to  be  automatically  transmitted;  one  alarm  only  re- 
sulted, and  the  second  box  had  to  be  pulled  over  again 
after  the  first  had  finished  signaling.  Delays  were 
thus  occasioned,  and  the  new  problem  was  energetically 
attacked. 


It  was  not  until  1889,  however,  that  the  "Successive" 
box  was  invented  and  patented.  Through  this  inven- 
tion of  J.  J.  Ruddick,  boxes  not  only  contained  the  non- 
interference feature  of  the  "Gardiner"  box,  but  were 
made  to  succeed  each  other  automatically  and  with  the 
initial  operation,  should  two  or  three  or  even  more 
boxes  on  the  same  circuit  be  pulled  at  or  about  the 
same  time.  Like  all  other  pioneer  inventions  in  his- 
tory, the  Ruddick  box  contained  some  defects  which 
were  made  apparent  by  actual  use.  These  have  been 
successfully  overcome  by  improvements  from  time  to 
time,  which  have  culminated  in  the  so-called  "Peerless" 
box  which  is  illustrated  herein. 

It  is  of  course  impossible  in  the  limited  space  avail- 
able in  a  book  of  this  kind,  to  do  more  than  outline  the 
most  important  and  epoch-marking  advances  in  the 
Art.  The  foregoing  treats  more  particularly  with  the 
signaling  operation  of  the  fire  alarm  box;  but  even  a 
brief  sketch  should  contain  mention  of  some  of  the 
steps  which  have  been  taken  to  safeguard  the  signaling 
mechanism  against  injury. 

The  original  boxes  had  no  protection  whatever  against 
damage  by  lightning;  and  the  overhead  trolley  and 
electric  light  and  power  wire  had  not  come  into  use  to 
require  special  devices  and  methods  for  preventing 
damage  arising  from  the  accidental  contact  of  such 
wires  with  the  fire  alarm  circuits. 

The  use  of  wood  for  insulation  in  boxes,  and  for 
mounting  certain  parts  of  them,  was  quite  general  in 
the  early  days.  Later  on,  hard  rubber  was  substituted ; 
this  in  turn  gave  way  to  the  use  of  slate,  and  in  the 
latest  type  of  box  porcelain  is  used  entirely. 

With  the  advent  of  the  overhead  trolley,  light  and 
power  wires  so  many  "burn  outs"  of  boxes  occurred 


THE  PEERLESS  POSITIVE  NON-INTERFERING 
SUCCESSIVE  FIRE  ALARM  BOX. 

The  latest  word  in  the  art  of  fire  alarm  signaling.  This  box  rep- 
resents over  60  years  of  study  and  development  in  the  production 
of  a  fire  alarm  box  that  will  assure  the  correct  transmission  of  a 
signal  under  most  any  known  condition.  It  is  provided  with  means 
to  absolutely  prevent  interference  from  any  other  signal  and  to 
send  in  its  alarm  even  though  another  signal  may  be  using  the 
same  line  when  this  box  is  pulled.  It  has  the  best  known  form 
of  insulation  with  porcelain  spools,  contact  bases,  etc. 


Siiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiaiiiniiiisiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiuiih 


that  it  was  found  to  be  essential  to  protect  the  magnet 
coils  and  other  delicate  parts  of  the  mechanism,  and 
much  ingenuity  was  displayed  to  this  end.  The 
"Peerless"  box,  which  represents  the  limit  of  the  Art 
as  it  is  today,  is  provided  with  protective  features  which 
insure  it  against  injury  to  a  much  greater  extent  than 
has  been  reached  heretofore. 

CHAPTER  IV. 

Inventions  for 
More  Quickly  Sending  Alarms 

The  essential  factor  in  fighting  fire  is  speed  in  get- 
ting the  fire-fighting  apparatus  at  work  against  it;  and 
the  Fire  Alarm  Telegraph  has  been  adapted  in  all  its 
stages  to  this  requirement,  so  far  as  has  been  consistent 
with  reliability  of  operation. 

During  all  the  years  when  the  fire-alarm  box  was 
being  brought  to  electrical  and  mechanical  perfection, 
it  was  being  constantly  kept  in  mind  that  the  highest 
value  of  the  service  would  be  realized  when  the  time 
lost  between  the  discovery  of  a  fire  and  the  operation 
of  a  signal  box  was  reduced  to  a  minimum.  Naturally, 
the  first  thought  on  this  subject  followed  the  lines  of 
largely  increasing  the  number  of  street  stations  in  use; 
but  this  was  a  matter  more  particularly  in  the  realm 
of  business,  and  did  not  offer  a  solution  in  accord  with 
the  fundamental  principles  of  the  Art,  and  consequently 
did  not  satisfy  the  ideals  of  those  who  were  devoting 
their  lives  to  its  development. 

In  the  early  days,  fire-alarm  boxes  were  inaccessible 
for  operation  until  the  outer  door  had  been  unlocked 
by  key,  and  opened.  Keys  w^ere  distributed  among 


ajiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiimiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniimiiiniiifliiiiiiiiiiniiiiininiiiimiiiffl 


adjacent  stores  and  residences,  and  this  custom  still 
remains  in  many  communities.  To  save  the  delay  in 
sounding  an  alarm  which  was  frequently  occasioned 
by  failure  to  readily  secure  a  key  under  the  above  con- 
ditions, the  so-called  "keyless  door"  was  invented,  the 
first  patent  for  a  practical  device  of  this  kind  being 
issued  to  a  Mr.  Tooker  of  Chicago,  in  1875.  By  this 
invention,  a  door  could  be  opened  by  the  turning  of 
a  handle,  this  operation  causing  a  local  alarm  bell 
within  the  door  to  sound,  and  thereby  attract  the 
attention  of  policemen  and  others  to  the  fact  that  the 
box  was  being  operated. 

Before  the  signaling  mechanism  of  the  box  could  be 
operated,  however,  it  was  necessary  to  open  the  door 
and  pull  the  inside  lever.  Many  persons  unfamiliar 
with  the  required  operation,  mistook  the  sounding  of 
the  warning  bell  within  the  door  for  the  actual  alarm 
itself,  and  omitted  to  start  the  mechanism  by  pulling 
the  lever.  Serious  delays  in  summoning  the  fire  depart- 
ment resulted,  and  brought  about  the  invention  of  the 
automatic  or  "self-starting"  door  by  N.  H.  Suren  in 
1895. 

This  invention  overcame  the  only  serious  objection 
to  the  Tooker  door,  namely,  the  ringing  of  the  bell  by 
turning  the  handle,  and  prior  to  opening  the  door  and 
starting  the  mechanism  by  pulling  the  lever.  In  the 
Suren  door,  the  turning  of  the  handle  operated  the  sig- 
naling mechanism,  but  did  not  permit  the  warning 
bell  to  ring  until  the  signal  was  actually  in  process  of 
transmission.  It  was  not  necessary  to  open  this  door, 
therefore,  and  greater  speed  and  certainty  in  sending 
alarms  was  secured. 

In  many  communities  the  value  of  the  keyless  door 
is  approximated  by  the  use  of  a  key-guard  box  attached 


^iiiiii!ii!!iii![;i;;:!uii!nii!i!iiiiiiiii!!iiiiiiiiiiiiiii!iiiiiiiiiiiiiuiiiiin«m 


to  the  outer  door,  and  protecting  the  key  which  is 
left  in  the  lock.  These  key-guard  boxes  are  provided 
with  a  glass  panel,  and  are  so  arranged  that  when  this 
glass  is  broken  the  front  of  the  guard  falls  away,  carry- 
ing all  pieces  of  broken  glass  with  it,  and  leaving  the 
key  easily  accessible. 

Means  for  operating  a  public  fire  alarm  system  from 
stations  throughout  a  building,  and  thus  saving  ex- 
tremely valuable  time  in  calling  the  fire-extinguishing 
apparatus,  were  first  given  to  the  Art  by  a  Mr.  Rogers 
of  Providence,  who  invented  an  "Auxiliary  Fire  Alarm 
System"  which,  however,  came  into  but  restricted 
use  in  Providence  and  in  Boston.  In  1885,  through  his 
patents  covering  radical  improvements  in  Auxiliary  Fire 
Alarm  Systems,  Mr.  George  F.  Milliken  of  Boston, 
laid  the  foundation  for  the  wide  use  of  the  system  which 
was  to  follow. 

This  auxiliary  system  consisted  of  any  desired  num- 
ber of  sub-stations  located  throughout  the  interior  of 
a  building,  and  connected  by  wire  with  a  tripping  device 
installed  in  the  street  box.  The  pulling  of  any  one  of 
these  interior  stations  instantly  actuated  the  tripping 
mechanism  referred  to,  and  started  the  street  box  in 
operation.  The  auxiliary  system  employed  entirely 
separate  and  distinct  circuits  from  those  of  the  public 
system,  and  had  no  electrical  connection  with  it;  and 
it  was  provided  with  automatic  test  features  and  other 
devices  for  preventing  accidental  alarms. 

This  system,  originally  installed  in  San  Francisco, 
has  been  largely  extended  and  is  in  use  in  many  of  the 
most  important  cities  and  towns  in  the  United  States, 
and  has  won  the  high  regard  of  fire  department  officials 
as  a  valuable  extension  to  the  public  service. 


jpiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniM^ 


CHAPTER  V. 

Public  Alarm  Apparatus 

While  the  original  fire-alarm  box  was,  as  has  been 
shown,  what  would  now  appear  to  be  a  simple  appli- 
cation of  the  Morse  telegraph,  Messrs.  Channing  and 
Farmer  were  confronted  with  a  more  serious  problem 
in  their  attempt  to  strike  definite  signals  on  tower 
bells  by  means  of  electrically  controlled  mechanism. 
They  worked  out  a  crude  machine  for  accomplishing 
this  result,  however,  and  this  product  of  their  genius 
was  the  fore-runner  of  the  electro-mechanical  bell  strik- 
ing machine,  and  the  whistle-blowing  machine  of  the 
present  day,  which  are  successfully  used  in  all  public 
fire-alarm  systems  where  an  alarm  is  given  to  the  en- 
tire community. 

Much  could  be  written  on  the  successive  stages 
through  which  these  machines  have  passed  in  their 
progress  from  the  cumbersome  devices  first  used  in 
Boston,  to  the  modern  machines  of  today.  It  can 
well  be  said,  however,  that  the  underlying  principles 
of  their  operation  which  were  so  laboriously  discovered 
by  these  old  pioneers,  still  remain;  and  alterations  in 
the  machines  have  been  more  in  the  line  of  improve- 
ment in  electrical  and  mechanical  details. 

Automatic  winding  devices  for  operation  in  connec- 
tion with  an  electric  motor  are  now  employed  in  many 
instances,  and  insure  the  continuous  working  of  these 
machines  against  a  running  down  of  the  weights  which 
operate  them.  These  winding  devices  are  so  arranged 
that  even  should  they  be  in  use  during  the  time  when 
a  signal  is  being  struck  on  the  bell  or  sounded  on  the 
whistle,  no  interference  with  the  signal  is  occasioned. 

The  bell-striking  machine  has  also  been  applied  for 


•aifliMiHiuininiiiH^ 


^ll!lllll!llll!ll!!llll!llllllllllll«!linilll«lllll^  


use  in  emergency  signaling  other  than  for  alarms  of 
fire.  It  is  used  by  the  Lighthouse  Departments  of 
the  United  States  and  other  countries,  for  the  striking 
of  fog  bells  and  the  warning  of  ships  against  dangerous 
rocks  and  shoals,  as  well  as  by  railroad  and  other 
companies  for  the  proper  guidance  of  ferry-boats  and 
craft  in  entering  slips  or  approaching  docks. 

These  machines  are  so  designed  that  they  may  be 
started  and  stopped  from  a  distance  by  the  simple 
pressing  of  a  button,  and  will  strike  any  desired  and 
pre-determined  signal,  and  continue  to  repeat  such 
signal  at  any  fixed  intervals,  until  stopped  by  again 
pressing  the  starting  button. 

An  interesting  and  valuable  machine  for  fog  bell 
service  has  been  developed  and  placed  in  use  at  many 
important  locations  along  the  Great  Lakes  and  impor- 
tant rivers,  which  in  addition  to  striking  and  repeating 
signals  as  above  mentioned,  will  strike  a  total  of  10,000 
blows  with  a  single  winding,  and  with  a  drop  for  its 
weights  of  but  twenty-one  feet. 

In  many  communities  where  whistles  have  been  used 
for  sounding  alarms  to  the  public,  the  use  of  steam 
has  been  abandoned  in  power  stations  upon  which  the 
whistles  were  located,  in  numerous  instances.  This 
has  resulted  in  the  development  of  the  Diaphone  Air 
Horn  and  its  related  equipment,  which  is  operated  by 
compressed  air  released  from  reservoirs  by  the  operation 
of  the  whistle-blowing  machine.  These  air  equip- 
ments are  used  in  connection  with  motor  driven  com- 
pressors which  are  so  arranged  that  they  will  auto- 
matically start  in  operation  whenever  the  pressure  in 
the  reservoir  drops  from  any  cause  below  a  pre-deter- 
mined point,  thus  automatically  insuring  the  presence 
of  a  sufficient  pressure  within  the  tanks. 


These  air  horns,  although  primarily  designed  for 
use  in  connection  with  fire  alarm  systems,  are  employed 
for  Emergency  Signaling  in  other  lines.  They  are 
used  for  fog  warning  signals,  for  railroad  signaling  in 
connection  with  the  opening  and  closing  of  draw-bridges, 
and  for  other  similar  purposes  where  a  reliable  mechan- 
ism and  a  peculiarly  distinctive  sound  is  required. 

This  chapter  would  not  be  complete  without  a  refer- 
ence to  an  interesting  and  valuable  contribution  to  the 
Art,  in  the  adaptation  of  motor  driven  horns  for  Emer- 
gency Signaling,  and  in  the  special  devices  required 
for  their  efficient  operation.  These  horns  are  used  in 
fire  alarm  systems  in  large  properties  where  noise  con- 
ditions cannot  be  successfully  overcome  by  other  sound- 
ing devices,  on  battle  ships  for  fire  control  of  the  big 
guns,  on  street  corners  for  warning  traffic  of  the  ap- 
proach of  fire  apparatus,  and  for  other  similar  purposes. 

CHAPTER  VI. 

The  Automatic  Repeater 

It  will  be  remembered  that  the  original  installation 
of  a  fire  alarm  system  in  Boston  required  the  use  of 
a  central  station  and  the  employment  of  operators  at 
all  hours  of  the  day  and  night,  for  the  receiving  of  sig- 
nals from  street  boxes  and  the  repeating  of  them  to 
the  several  bell  towers. 

This  system,  therefore,  was  only  adapted  to  large 
cities  which  could  afford  to  employ  operators  constantly 
on  duty,  and  was  consequently  not  suited  for  use  in 
smaller  places.  In  1859  Moses  G.  Farmer  took  out  a 
patent  for  a  "Village"  system,  but  it  was  not  until  the 
invention  of  the  automatic  repeater  by  Edwin  Rogers 
of  Boston  in  1870,  that  the  Fire  Alarm  Telegraph  was 


^iiiiiniiiiiiiiniiuiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiuiiiiHii^ 


NON-INTERFERING    AUTOMATIC    REPEATER 

This  piece  of  apparatus  performs  the  functions  auto- 
matically of  repeating  an  alarm  from  a  fire  alarm  box  to 
fire  apparatus  houses.  It  is  the  heart  of  a  system  that 
is  automatic  and  has  no  operators  to  receive  and  trans- 
mit alarms  for  fire.  Its  character  of  construction,  finish 
and  detail  is  representative  of  the  finest  work  that  hu- 
man ingenuity  can  produce. 


i 

brought   within  the   reach   of  the   smaller  cities   and 
towns. 

This  repeater  was  intended  for  use  in  a  community 
whose  area  was  such  that  reliable  operation  of  the 
fire-alarm  system  could  only  be  secured  by  dividing  the 
fire-alarm  apparatus  into  circuits  each  independent  of 
the  other,  and  where  the  community  was  not  large 
enough  to  be  able  to  afford  a  central  station.  In  such 
a  system,  the  machine  performed  the  important  func- 
tion of  automatically  repeating  over  all  circuits,  any 
signal  originating  on  any  one  of  them;  thus  automati- 
cally performing  work  which  had  theretofore  required 
manual  operation. 

As  these  machines  came  into  more  general  use,  the 
same  conditions  of  interference  between  circuits  was 
noted  as  had  been  encountered  and  remedied  in  the 
case  of  two  boxes  on  the  same  circuit  interfering  each 
with  the  other  if  operated  at  or  about  the  same  time; 
and  as  a  result  of  this  service  experience,  the  non-inter- 
fering repeater  was  later  developed.  This  machine 
was  so  arranged  that  in  the  event  of  boxes  on  different 
circuits  being  simultaneously  operated,  it  would  auto- 
matically select  one  of  the  circuits  to  perform  the  sig- 
naling, and  at  the  same  time  prevent  the  other  from 
interfering  with  it  in  any  manner. 

The  invention  of  this  machine  was  a  long  step  in 
advance  in  the  Art,  as  it  made  possible  the  practical 
application  of  the  Fire  Alarm  Telegraph  to  the  smaller 
cities  and  towns.  It  is  now  forty-six  years  since  this 
invention  was  made;  and  the  automatic  repeater,— 
refined  in  its  construction  but  with  its  early  principles 
still  unchanged,' — is  one  of  the  standard  mechanisms 
required  in  modern  practice. 

The  invention  of  this  machine  marked  an  important 


piiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiniiiiNiiiiiniiiuiiuiiiiiniiniiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiw 


epoch  in  the  Art  of  Fire  Alarm  Telegraphy,  not  only 
because  it  enabled  the  safe  operation  of  a  system  of 
considerable  size,  but  also  because  of  its  direct  bearing 
on  the  commercial  side  of  the  Art  by  providing  a 
mechanical  substitute  for  the  human  operators  neces- 
sary prior  to  its  advent. 

CHAPTER  VII. 

The  Central  Office 

The  difference  between  the  first  central  office  in 
Boston  and  the  latest  type  of  today , — while  more  appar- 
ent to  the  casual  observer  than  the  difference  between 
the  first  fire-alarm  box  and  the  "Peerless",  by  reason 
of  the  extent  and  nature  of  the  devices  and  apparatus 
employed,- — is  in  reality  no  more  marked.  Inventors 
in  both  branches  of  the  Art  had  to  feel  their  way  care- 
fully and  slowly,  meeting  conditions  and  overcoming 
obstacles  as  they  arose,  and  always  keeping  clearly 
before  them  the  vital  necessity  of  preserving  reliable 
operation  under  all  possible  conditions  of  use,  so  far 
as  they  could  foresee  or  forestall  them. 

The  original  Boston  office  was  in  effect  no  more  than 
a  terminal  point  for  the  various  circuits  carrying  the 
street  fire-alarm  boxes,  and  for  the  circuits  running 
to  the  watch-towers  and  to  the  bell-striking  machinery 
there.  It  was  naturally  simple  in  its  arrangement, 
and  crude  in  its  apparatus.  Signals  from  street  boxes 
were  received  on  clumsy  bells,  and  the  transmission  of 
alarms  over  the  tower  bell  circuits  was  entirely  a  manual 
operation  and  through  the  use  of  ordinary  telegraph 
keys  of  the  type  then  developed  for  telegraph  purposes. 

The  invention  of  the  repeater  which  has  been  referred 
to  in  the  preceding  chapter,  was  the  next  step  in  the 


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Art  as  applicable  to  central  stations,  and  marked  an 
era  in  the  business  which  was  to  continue  until  condi- 
tions of  the  growth  of  communities  demanded  a  return 
to  the  original  central  station  idea  with  its  operators. 

It  is  interesting  to  note  at  this  point,  that  subse- 
quent to  the  installation  of  the  first  system  in  Boston, 
the  invention  of  the  repeater  was  forced  in  order  that 
smaller  communities  might  have  the  benefit  of  the 
Fire  Alarm  Telegraph;  and  that  the  later  growth  and 
extension  of  these  communities  again  turned  require- 
ments back  to  the  original  central  office  principle. 

The  modern  central  office  of  today,  with  its  operat- 
ing panels,  receiving  and  recording  apparatus,  large 
dial  transmitters,  circuit-testing  facilities,  and  devices 
for  protecting  its  delicate  apparatus  from  injury  in 
the  event  of  foreign  current  accidentally  getting  on  to 
the  fire  alarm  circuits,  is  a  very  interesting  study. 
Space  is  not  available  for  a  detailed  description  of  all 
of  the  devices  used,  nor  for  an  outline  of  their  various 
stages  of  development;  but  the  reader,  looking  at  the 
photographs  of  such  offices  as  will  be  found  herein, 
can  readily  allow  his  imagination  to  take  him  back  to 
Boston  in  1851,  and  can  picture  in  his  mind  the  crude 
and  make-shift  arrangements  which  existed  when  that 
system  was  placed  in  service. 

Until  within  a  comparatively  few  years,  nothing  has 
been  used  to  any  great  extent  for  generating  electric 
current  for  operating  fire  alarm  systems,  except  galvanic 
batteries  of  the  well-known  gravity  type.  Channing 
and  Farmer,  in  order  to  secure  the  kind  of  current  wrhich 
they  required,  for  a  while  used  the  direct  current  of  a 
dynamo  machine;  and  such  machines  have  been  used 
to  a  small  extent  since. 

The  general  use  of  electricity  for  light  and  power  has 


made  it  practicable  through  the  medium  of  storage 
batteries,  to  secure  the  required  operating  energy  at  a 
minimum  of  expense  and  a  maximum  of  reliability. 
Specially  constructed  switchboards  have  been  designed 
for  charging  and  discharging  storage  batteries,  and  are 
provided  with  every  device  necessary  to  insure  perfect 
and  reliable  operation. 

CHAPTER  VIII. 

The  Police  Telegraph 
and  Telephone  Service 

This  form  of  Emergency  Signaling  Service  came  into 
existence  as  a  natural  development  of  the  Fire  Alarm 
Telegraph.  Shortly  after  the  first  fire-alarm  system 
was  established  in  Boston  in  1851,  other  communities 
which  installed  the  service  had,  by  arrangement  with 
the  fire  authorities,  set  aside  certain  signals  for  the 
exclusive  use  of  the  police  department.  These  signals 
consisted  of  a  certain  definite  number  of  strokes  on  the 
tower  bells,  to  be  sounded  in  an  emergency,  and  to 
indicate  that  the  members  of  the  police  force  were  to 
repair  to  Headquarters  immediately. 

This  arrangement,  however,  was  limited  in  its  value; 
and  soon  gave  way  to  the  use  of  dial  telegraphs  by  means 
of  which  signals  and  messages  were  electrically  trans- 
mitted from  one  police  station  to  another,  the  Morse 
telegraph  being  used  as  an  auxiliary. 

The  perfection  of  the  telephone  as  a  practical  means 
of  communication  cleared  the  way  for  a  combination 
of  that  valuable  invention  with  some  of  the  several 
forms  of  signaling  mechanisms  used  for  the  transmission 
of  fire-alarm  signals.  Such  a  combination  was  first 
introduced  and  used  as  an  auxiliary  to  a  police  depart- 


ment  in  Chicago  in  1880,  and  that  its  value  and  effi- 
ciency was  thoroughly  demonstrated  was  largely  due 
to  the  efforts  of  John  P.  Barrett,  who  was  for  many 
years  Superintendent  of  the  Fire  Alarm  Telegraph 
System  of  that  city. 

The  development  of  the  Police  Telegraph  and  Tele- 
phone System  was  naturally  more  rapid  than  that  of 
the  Fire  Alarm  Telegraph  had  been,  as  those  devoting 
their  attention  to  it  had  the  benefit  of  all  of  the  work 
w'hich  had  then  been  carried  on  for  thirty  years  in  the 
perfection  of  the  latter. 

The  modern  system  of  Police  Telegraph,  consists  of 
patrol  or  signaling  stations  located  throughout  a  munici- 
pality, and  connected  by  wire  with  central  stations  or 
precinct  headquarters,  where  receiving  and  recording 
apparatus  is  located. 

Patrolmen  may  transmit  telegraphic  "on  duty"  sig- 
nals as  they  patrol  their  beats;  may  send  emergency 
telegraph  signals  informing  the  central  station  that 
they  are  facing  a  situation  which  requires  immediate 
assistance;  may  telephone  reports  to  their  command- 
ing officer  and  receive  his  instructions,  and  may, 
through  a  system  of  flash-lights  and  alarm  bells,  be 
quickly  reached  by  their  officers  should  occasion  arise 
therefor. 

With  the  advent  of  this  service,  a  police  department 
became  more  than  a  body  of  scattered  men,  out  of 
touch  with  their  superiors  and  each  other;  it  welded 
them  into  a  compact  unit,  quickly  responsive  to  condi- 
tions, and  controlled  and  directed  as  one  man  by  a 
central  authority. 

The  same  necessity  for  more  quickly  utilizing  this 
important  Emergency  Service  was  evident,  as  had  been 


appreciated  in  the  case  of  the  Fire  Alarm  Telegraph, 
and  the  benefits  of  the  system  were  extended  by  the 
development  of  signaling  boxes  which  could  be  installed 
in  banks  and  other  important  buildings,  and  connected 
directly  into  the  public  circuits. 

IB  many  of  the  larger  cities  where  Police  Telegraph 
Systems  are  used,  private  companies  are  operating  a 
burglar  alarm  service,  which,  however,  like  the  forms  of 
automatic  fire  alarm  service  referred  to  herein,  are  car- 
ried on  under  private  ownership. 

CHAPTER  IX. 

Emergency  Signaling  in 
Private  Properties 

Of  late  years,  the  interest  taken  by  those  responsible 
for  the  protection  of  valuable  properties  both  against 
fire  and  the  many  conditions  which  are  guarded  against 
through  organized  forces  of  watchmen,  has  been  wide- 
spread. 

The  use  of  the  auxiliary  fire  alarm  system  which  has 
been  briefly  referred  to  herein;  of  fire  alarm  apparatus 
designed  along  the  lines  of  municipal  installations,  but 
used  for  calling  out  private  fire  brigades,  and  of  police 
telegraph  and  telephone  apparatus  for  properly  con- 
trolling and  directing  bodies  of  watchmen,  has  come 
to  be  quite  general  in  important  properties. 

Many  of  such  properties  in  extent  and  in  the  number 
of  their  employees,  are  the  equivalent  of  good  sized 
towns;  and  the  hazards  from  fire  and  other  causes  are 
greater,  by  reason  of  the  concentration  of  values,  and 
the  proximity  of  buildings  to  each  other.  Even  although 
such  properties  are  well  within  the  zone  of  protection  of 


efficient  public  fire  or  police  departments,  such  outside 
assistance  may  not  always  be  available;  and  as  the  most 
efficient  work  in  an  Emergency  is  usually  rendered  at 
its  inception,  proper  signaling  apparatus  is  regarded 
as  essential  for  supplementing  protective  organizations, 
and  enabling  them  to  work  at  the  highest  point  of  effi- 
ciency. 

Instances  where  emergency  signaling  apparatus  is 
used  for  purposes  other  than  for  fire  or  for  private  police 
service,  are  too  numerous  to  be  covered  herein.  Some 
of  these  cases,  however,  are  of  special  interest. 

In  New  York  City,  for  example,  the  many  miles  of 
underground  railways  are  protected  at  frequent  inter- 
vals by  Emergency  Alarm  Boxes  whose  function  is  to 
instantly  "kill"  the  third  rails  in  an  entire  electrical 
section,  when  operated  for  an  Emergency  such  as  a 
collision,  and  to  notify  responsible  operating  officials 
of  the  location  of  the  accident.  These  systems  are 
protecting  the  lives  of  the  millions  of  passengers  who 
use  these  underground  railways  daily;  and  they  have 
so  thoroughly  demonstrated  their  value  on  many  differ- 
ent occasions,  that  such  railroads  would  not  operate 
without  them. 

Another  notable  instance  is  that  of  the  New  York 
Edison  Company  which  utilizes  fire-alarm  signaling 
apparatus  in  its  Emergency  Service,  which  enables  the 
System  Operators  to  telegraphically  transmit  orders 
in  emergencies  to  nearly  forty  sub-stations,  either  to  | 

all  of  them  simultaneously,  individually,  or  in  groups 
as  desired.  This  work  wras  formerly  done  by  means 
of  the  telephone;  but  the  comparative  slowness  of  this 
method,  the  liability  for  error,  and  the  absence  of  a 
permanent  record,  caused  its  abandonment  in  favor 
of  the  Emergency  Telegraph. 


CHAPTER  X. 

In  Conclusion 

Emergency  Telegraph  Systems  as  they  exist  today, 
are  the  work  of  many  men. 

Few  have  been  named  herein,  but  they  are  the 
pioneers  who  showed  the  way;  the  men,  who,  with  their 
imaginations  fired  with  a  great  idea,  held  fast  to  it  in 
the  face  of  many  trials,  and  left  the  imprint  of  their 
faith  and  personality  all  over  our  broad  land,  as  an 
inspiration  and  guide  for  those  who  were  to  follow  them. 

The  growth  of  Emergency  Systems  has  been  an 
evolution.  If  it  were  possible  to  select  one  name  from 
the  long  list  of  those  who  have  devoted  their  energies 
to  perfecting  these  systems  for  the  benefit  and  well- 
being  of  all  mankind,  as  representing  him  who  was 
pre-eminently  responsible  for  their  progress,  almost 
from  the  birth  of  the  Art  to  its  present  wide  develop- 
ment, that  name  would  be  John  N.  Gamewell  of  South 
Carolina. 

He  took  the  business  when  it  was  in  its  infancy, 
struggling  for  a  foot-hold  in  the  life  of  the  nation,  and 
facing  adverse  circumstances  well-nigh  insurmountable. 
With  unfailing  courage,  fostered  by  faith  and  sustained 
by  great  ability,  he  lived  to  see  his  ideas  recognized 
as  an  essential  part  of  our  national  life,  and  died  in 
1896,  leaving  behind  him  the  evidence  of  his  devotion 
and  beneficent  work  on  nearly  every  street  of  nearly 
every  city  and  town  in  these  United  States. 


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PALMER  8  OLIVER 
NEW  YORK 


J  : 
i    . 


THIS  BOOK  IS  DUE  ON  THE  LAST  DATE 
STAMPED  BELOW 


AN 


INITIAL     FINE     OF     25     CENTS 

WILL  BE  ASSESSED  FOR  FAILURE  TO  RETURN 
THIS  BOOK  ON  THE  DATE  DUE.  THE  PENALTY 
WILL  INCREASE  TO  SO  CENTS  ON  THE  FOURTH 
DAY  AND  TO  $1.OO  ON  THE  SEVENTH  DAY 
OVERDUE. 


11 


PtBl  219SSLU 


)  LD 

DEC  13  1961 


I.I)  21-20 


OI23Q 


UNIVERSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA  LIBRARY 


